New Perspectives on People and Forests

<p><p>Preface</p><p>Content</p><p>About the authors</p><p>Contributors</p><p>PART I</p><p>1 Introduction – The crooked timber of humanity</p><p>Dainis Dauksta</p><p>2 Forests in landscapes – The myth of untouched wilderness</p><p>Eva Ritter</p><p>2.1 People and forests in prehistoric times</p><p>2.1.1 Hunter-gatherers in Europe</p><p>2.1.2 The mid-Holocene elm decline</p><p>2.1.3 The Great Transition</p><p>2.1.4 Early agricultural impacts on forests</p><p>2.2 Forest development in historical times</p><p>2.2.1 The great deforestation of the Ancient World</p><p>2.2.2 Impacts on forests in Northern and Central Europe</p><p>2.2.3 Forest protection and forest expansion</p><p>2.3 Conclusion</p><p>3 Overcoming Physicophobia – Forests as the sacred source of our human origins</p><p>Roy Jackson</p><p>3.1 The forest as nothing more than useful</p><p>3.2 Rousseau: Friend of the forest</p><p>3.2.1 The demystification of the forest</p><p>3.2.2 The “Savage Man”</p><p>3.3 Nietzsche and the sacredness of nature</p><p>3.3.1 Nietzsche’s criticism of modernity</p><p>3.3.2 Nietzsche’s “religious” experience</p><p>3.4 Conclusion</p><p>PART II</p><p>4 Royal forests – Hunting and other forest use in Medieval England</p><p>Della Hooke</p><p>4.1 Forests as game reserves</p><p>4.1.1 The location of forests</p><p>4.1.2 Forest rights and administration</p><p>4.2 Medieval hunting</p><p>4.2.1 Anglo-Saxon hunting and game reserves</p><p>4.2.2 Medieval hunting methods</p><p>4.2.3 Hunting iconography in medieval literature</p><p>4.3 The use of other forest resources</p><p>4.3.1 Forest pasture</p><p>4.3.2 Other forest products</p><p>4.4 The decline of the forests</p><p>4.5 Hunting in post-medieval times</p><p>4.6 Conclusion</p><p>5 Forests as commons – Changing traditions and governance in Europe</p><p>Christopher Short</p><p>5.1 Introduction to the commons</p><p>5.2 History of forests as commons in Europe</p><p>5.2.1 Northwestern Europe and the Alps</p><p>5.2.2 Southern Europe</p><p>5.2.3 United Kingdom</p><p>5.3 How the role and use of forests is changing</p><p>5.4 The relationship between people and forest commons</p><p>5.5 Conclusion</p><p>6 New forest owners – Small scale forestry and changes in forest ownership</p><p>Áine Ní Dhubháin</p><p>6.1 What is small-scale forestry?</p><p>6.2 Characteristics of small-scale forests</p><p>6.3 Owners of small-scale forests</p><p>6.3.1 Ownership structure</p><p>6.3.2 Objectives of small-scale forest owners</p><p>6.4 Nature of small-scale forests</p><p>6.5 Consequences of the changing ownership structure</p><p>6.5.1 Forest fragmentation</p><p>6.5.2 Recreation and access</p><p>6.5.3 Timber production</p><p>6.5.4 Nature conservation</p><p>6.6 Conclusion</p><p><p>7 Forest and recreation – New functions of afforestation as seen in Denmark</p><p>Carla K. Smink</p><p>7.1 Forest recreation: a policy perspective</p><p>7.2 Forest use in Denmark</p><p>7.3 Afforestation: creation of recreation opportunities</p><p>7.4 Conclusion</p><p>PART III</p><p>8 From post to pillar – The development and persistence of an arboreal metaphor</p><p>Dainis Dauksta</p><p>8.1 The wooden post in prehistory and the growth of symbols</p><p>8.1.1 Timber circles</p><p>8.1.2 Celtic and La Tène sites</p><p>8.2 The layering of connected symbols</p><p>8.2.1 The anthropomorphic tree</p><p>8.2.2 The lopped tree, the axe and the thunder god</p><p>8.2.3 The Maypole</p><p>8.3 The Classical column</p><p>8.4 Two modern vestiges of the sacred pillar</p><p>8.5 Conclusion</p><p>9 Landscape painting and the forest – The influence of cultural factors in the depiction of trees and forests</p><p>Dainis Dauksta</p><p>9.1 Medieval symbolic and factual landscapes</p><p>9.1.1 Symbols of Christ, crucifixion and redemption</p><p>9.1.2 Perspective, nature and classical mythology</p><p>9.1.3 Hunting, forestry and country life</p><p>9.2 Poetic landscapes as concept</p><p>9.3 New symbolic and factual landscapes</p><p>9.4 Modern transcendentalism and symbolism</p><p>9.4.1 David Jones; a coalescence of ancient themes</p><p>9.4.2 Modern symbolism: irony, the sacred and the secular</p><p>9.5 Conclusion</p><p>10 Space and place – Popular perceptions of forests</p><p>Carl Griffin</p><p>10.1 Space and place</p><p>10.1.1 A range of perceptions, a range of perspectives</p><p>10.1.2 Understanding popular perceptions of forests</p><p>10.2 Forests in the landscape and the popular imagination</p><p>10.2.1 Changing meanings, changing contexts</p><p>10.2.2 Forests as places apart</p><p>10.3 The cultural distinctiveness of forests</p><p>10.3.1 Floral and faunal cultures</p><p>10.3.2 Everyday cultures</p><p>10.4 Conclusions: persistences and reimaginings</p><p>11 Materiality and identity – Forests, trees and senses of belonging</p><p>Owain Jones</p><p>11.1 Introduction</p><p>11.2 Identity</p><p>11.3 Forests, identity and place</p><p>11.3.1 Forests as material places of becoming</p><p>11.3.2 Forests of places of (sensed) dwelling</p><p>11.4 Forests and practices of identities</p><p>11.4.1 Global sense of identity</p><p>11.4.2 National sense of identity</p><p>11.4.3 Regional sense of identity</p><p>11.4.4 Local and individual sense of identity</p><p>11.5 Complex and contested identities</p><p>11.5.1 Forests as spaces of otherness</p><p>11.5.2 Forests as places to lose identity</p><p>11.5.3 Forests as places to find identity</p><p>11.5.4 Forests: Gender and identity</p><p>11.6 Conclusion</p><p>12 Definition and concepts – The etymology and use of the concepts forests and landscape</p><p>Hanna Byskov Ovesen and Kirsten Krogh Hansen</p><p>12.1 The use of concepts</p><p>12.2 Forest</p><p>12.2.1 Etymology</p><p>12.2.2 Present use</p><p>12.3 Landscape</p><p>12.3.1 Etymology</p><p>12.3.2 Present use</p><p>12.4 Conclusion</p><p>PART IV</p><p>13 Tree use and landscape changes – Development of a woodland area in Sweden</p><p>Mårten Aronsson and Eva Ritter</p><p>13.1 The area of Bråbygden</p><p>13.2 Tree species in the Bråbygden area</p><p>13.2.1 The natural tree vegetation</p><p>13.2.2 The function and use of tree species</p><p>13.3 Human impact on forests, trees and the landscape</p><p>13.3.1 Grazing and browsing</p><p>13.3.2 Forest fires and slash-and-burn cultivation</p><p>13.3.3 Tar distillation and charcoal production</p><p>13.3.4 Pollards and leaf-fodder harvesting</p><p>13.3.5 Population growth</p><p>13.4 Landscape development during medieval times</p><p>13.5 Landscape development since the 18^th century</p><p>13.5.1 Forest description and forest functions</p><p>13.5.2 Landscape development</p><p>13.5.3 Land us changes during the 20^th century </p><p>13.6 Some thoughts about the future</p><p>14 Forest landscapes in Europe – Visual characteristics and the role of arboriculture</p><p>Eva Ritter</p><p>14.1 Landscape perception and analysis</p><p>14.1.1 Landscape perception and preferences</p><p>14.1.2 Concepts of landscape analysis</p><p>14.2 Visual landscape characteristics</p><p>14.2.1 Degree of openness</p><p>14.2.2 Complexity and contrast</p><p>14.3 Tree use and landscape development</p><p>14.4 Aesthetics in landscape management</p><p>14.5 Conclusion</p><p>PART V</p><p>15 Conclusions – Towards a symbiotic relationship</p><p>Eva Ritter and Dainis Dauksta</p><p>15.1 Contradicting forest values</p><p>15.2 Changing attitudes and relationships</p><p>15.3 Future perspectives</p><p>Index</p><p><p>