Dynamics of Dissipation

The present volume contains expanded and substantially reworked records of invitedlecturesdeliveredduringthe38thKarpaczWinterSchoolofTheoretical Physics on “Dynamical Semigroups: Dissipation, Chaos, Quanta”, which took placeinLadek ¸ Zdr´ oj,(Poland)intheperiod6–15February2002. Themainpurposeoftheschoolwastocreateaplatformfortheconfrontation ofviewpointsandresearchmethodologiesrepresentedbytwogroupsofexperts actually working in the very same area of theoretical physics. This situation is quite distinct in non-equilibrium statistical physics of open systems, where classicalandquantumaspectsareaddressedseparatelybymeansofverydi?erent andevenincompatibleformaltools. TheschooltopicsselectionbytheLecturersreads:dissipativedynamicsand chaoticbehaviour,modelsofenvironment–systemcouplingandmodelsofth- mostats;non-equilibriumstatisticalmechanicsandfarfromequilibriumphen- ena;quantumopensystems,decoherenceandlinkstoquantumchaos;quantum andclassicalapplicationsofMarkovsemigroupsandthevalidityofMarkovian approximations. Theorganizingprincipleforthewholeendeavourwastheissueofthedyn- ics of open systems and more speci?cally – thedynamics of dissipation. Since this research area is extremely broad and varied, no single book can cover all importantdevelopments. Therefore,linkswithdynamicalchaoswerechosento representasupplementaryconstraint. Theprogrammeoftheschoolandits?naloutcomeintheformofthepresent volumehasbeenshapedwiththehelpofthescienti?ccommitteecomprising:R. Alicki,Ph. Blanchard,J. R. Dorfman,G. Gallavotti,P. Gaspard,I. Guarneri, ? F. Haake, M. Ku´s, A. Lasota, B. Zegarlinski ´ and K. Zyczkowski. Some of the committeememberstookchargeoflecturingtoo. Weconveyourthankstoall ofthem. Wewouldliketoexpresswordsofgratitudetomembersofthelocalorgan- ingcommittee,W. Ceg laandP. Lugiewicz, fortheirhelp. Specialthanksmust beextendedtoMrsAnnaJadczykforherhelpatvariousstagesoftheschool organizationandthecompetenteditorialassistance. Theschoolwas?nanciallysupportedbytheUniversityofWroc law,Univ- sityofZielonaG´ ora,PolishMinistryofEducation,PolishAcademyofSciences, FoundationfortheKarpaczWinterSchoolofTheoreticalPhysicsandthe- nationfromtheDrWilhelmHeinrichHeraeusundElseHeraeusStiftung. Wrocla wandZielonaG´ ora,Poland PiotrGarbaczewski June2002 RobertOlkiewicz TableofContents Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ChapterI NonequilibriumDynamics SomeRecentAdvancesinClassicalStatisticalMechanics E. G. D. Cohen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 DeterministicThermostatsandFluctuationRelations L. Rondoni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 WhatIstheMicroscopicResponseofaSystem DrivenFarFromEquilibrium? C. Jarzynski. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Non-equilibriumStatisticalMechanics ofClassicalandQuantumSystems D. Kusnezov,E. Lutz,K. Aoki. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 ChapterII DynamicsofRelaxationandChaoticBehaviour DynamicalTheoryofRelaxation inClassicalandQuantumSystems P. Gaspard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 RelaxationandNoiseinChaoticSystems S. Fishman,S. Rahav. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 FractalStructuresinthePhaseSpace ofSimpleChaoticSystemswithTransport J. R. Dorfman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 ChapterIII DynamicalSemigroups MarkovSemigroupsandTheirApplications R. Rudnicki,K. Pich´or,M. Tyran-Kaminska ´ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 VIII TableofContents InvitationtoQuantumDynamicalSemigroups R. Alicki. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 FiniteDissipativeQuantumSystems M. Fannes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 CompletePositivityinDissipativeQuantumDynamics F. Benatti,R. Floreanini,R. Romano. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 QuantumStochasticDynamicalSemigroup W. A. Majewski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 ChapterIV Driving,DissipationandControlinQuantumSystems DrivenChaoticMesoscopicSystems, DissipationandDecoherence D. Cohen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 QuantumStateControlinCavityQED T. WellensandA. Buchleitner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 SolvingSchr¨odinger’sEquationforanOpenSystem andItsEnvironment W. T. Strunz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 ChapterV DynamicsofLargeSystems ThermodynamicBehaviorofLargeDynamicalSystems –Quantum1dConductorandClassicalMultibakerMap– S. Tasaki. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 CoherentandDissipativeTransport inAperiodicSolids:AnOverview J. Bellissard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .