Anticlastogens in Mammalian and Human Cells

1 Introduction.- 2 Principles of Clastogenic Action and Its Estimation.- 2.1 Molecular Mechanisms of Clastogenic Action.- 2.2 Induction of Chromosome Aberrations.- 2.2.1 Chemical Structure as a Basis for Mechanisms of Action.- 2.2.2 Dose-Effect Relations.- 2.2.3 The Distribution of Chromosome Breaks on Cells.- 2.2.4 Cell-Cycle Specific Action of Clastogens.- 2.2.5 Cell Proliferation and Clastogenic Action.- 2.3 Induction of Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE).- 2.4 Induction of Micronuclei.- 2.5 Practical Aspects of Clastogenicity and Its Estimation.- 3 Anticlastogens: Data and Problems.- 3.1 Definition and Classification of Anticlastogens.- 3.1.1 Definition and Delineation of Anticlastogenesis.- 3.1.2 Classification of Anticlastogens According to the Way They Act.- 3.1.3 Classification of Anticlastogens (Antimutagens) According to Their Chemical Reactions.- 3.2 Anticlastogenic Action on in Vitro Systems.- 3.2.1 Qualitative Data.- 3.2.1.1 Mammalian Cell Systems.- 3.2.1.2 Human Cell Systems.- 3.2.1.2.1 Action on (Induced) Clastogenicity.- 3.2.1.2.2 Action on Spontaneous Fragility.- 3.2.2 Specific Approaches.- 3.2.2.1 Time-Effect Relations.- 3.2.2.2 Concentration-Effect Relations.- 3.2.2.3 Influence of Metabolic Activation.- 3.2.2.4 Interphase Studies Using the PCC Technique.- 3.3 Anticlastogenic Action in Vivo.- 3.3.1 Studies on Mammals.- 3.3.2 Studies on Humans.- 3.4 Action of Anticlastogens on Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE).- 3.5 A Mainly Historical Side-Glance at Anticlastogens and Ionizing Radiation.- 4 Practical Consequences.- 4.1 Practical Consequences in the Field of Anticlastogen Research.- 4.2 Practical Consequences for Humans.- 5 Concluding Remarks.- References.